The investigators will study the effects of the WH technique on cannabinoid receptor density using the cannabinoid PET tracer (F18-FMPEP-d2) by determining regional changes in cannabinoid receptor density in various brain regions prior and post behavioral intervention. The investigators believe that this method might be particularly effective in patients suffering from BAD, as the practice of the WH technique can be implemented during both remission and at the onset of highly motivational manic episodes, which will then help to limit the effects of negative mood swings during depressive (and manic) episodes. This finding suggests that the WH technique might allow practitioners to assert increased level of control over key components of the affective system and as a result might be a viable, non-drug related approach for patients with pathological mood swings. In particular, a strong activation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) was determined, which is implicated in the release of endogenous opiates/cannabinoids that mediate decreased sensitivity to cold exposure and (via connections to higher-order cortical areas) promote a feeling of euphoria and well-being. Preliminary studies performed by the investigators have examined CNS mechanisms associated with the practice of the WH technique and the obtained findings unequivocally demonstrated activation of autonomic brainstem areas that are implicated in stress-induced analgesia as well as cognitive cortical areas that are associated with self-reflection (such as the anterior insula).
Moreover, it has been shown that the WH technique can be successfully taught to novice users. The WH technique allows the "Iceman" to regulate his own autonomic nervous system in the presence of severe cold and to perform remarkable acts of survival under extreme thermal conditions.
The investigators have recently studied brain activations during a cold stress paradigm in a 57 year old Dutch national (Wim Hof), the so-called "Iceman", who has the ability to withstand frequent prolonged periods of extreme cold exposure using a self-developed technique that includes a combination of breathing exercises, cold exposure and meditation (referred to as the WH technique). Interestingly, cannabis use is common in patients with this disorder and anecdotal reports suggest that some patients take it to alleviate symptoms of both mania and depression. Thus, excessively high endocannabinoid tone (mania) or excessively low endocannabinoid tone (depression) may manifest itself in BAD patients. Study Overviewīipolar affective disorder (BAD) is often poorly controlled by prescribed drugs.Ĭlinical observations suggest that the endocannabinoid system is dysfunctional in BAD and fails to control the level of cortical excitation and inhibition in the brain. In particular, it appears that the proposed behavioral modification technique might be a powerful, currently under-appreciated, method to positively modulate the brain's own cannabinoid system. The investigators believe that these studies will form the impetus for a better understanding and deployment of non-drug related treatment methods in patients with various depressive symptoms.
Specifically, the objective of this study is to test whether the applied behavioral modification technique is able to alter cannabinoid receptor density in brain areas that modulate mood and motivational drive (such as vmPFC, PAG, VTA, amygdala and OFC). The objective of this study is to determine whether the practice of a non-drug related intervention technique (behavioral modification technique consisting of a combination of breathing exercises, cold exposure and meditation) has an effect on long-term cannabinoid receptor function in a control group as well as in a group of patients suffering from bipolar affective disorder (BAD).
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